Lesson 2 Student 1 DF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lesson 2 Student 1 DF - Essay Example It is based on focused areas that have ‘triggered’ questions about practices and requires further research and investigation into whether there are better ways of doing some type of process or providing a solution (Titler, Kleiber, Steelman, Rakel, Budrea, Evertt & Good 2001). Changes are made from such research that shows strong evidence for making changes in clinical practices. This can include innovative approaches, provides cost-reducing measures, and evidence-based solutions which benefit both the medical field and the patients it serves. In using the Iowa Model, some of the improvements it has provided are in enteral tube feeding (ETF), sedation management, bowel sounds assessment after abdominal surgeries, verifying the placement of the nasogastric tube, and double gloving in the surgery room (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011; Titler et al., 2001). The model also is useful for administration, as you have noted, to encourage an open atmosphere for inquiry as well as providing funding for further testing of medical processes to ensure that the best is made available to both staff and patients. A committee is also formed to oversee the process of discovery and to authorize the change, if deemed essential through supporting data (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011). A pilot process is created whereby the new policy is implemented and then reviewed as to its success, including the need for adjustments as found during the pilot process. This ensures that a clinic, hospital or organization fits the process to its own particular identity so that it functions at an optimal level. It is well-known that many organizations in the medical field use the Iowa Model as a basis for making change, thus supporting its efficiency. Translating research into practice (TRIP) is also a component of the process in presenting first the pilot process and recording the variables at play which give cause for

Appendicitis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Appendicitis - Case Study Example Appendicitis causes a series of symptoms in a patient, out of which the primary symptom is an acute radiating pain that extends from the naval towards the right side of the lower abdomen. This severity of the pain may worsen when the patient coughs or makes some sharp movements. The other symptoms are vomiting accompanied with high fever. The abdomen gets bloated and sometimes constipation or  diarrhoea  may occur (Karriem-Norwood, 2014). Patient with the above symptoms must get immediate medical attention as appendicitis when not treated in a timely manner may be fatal. When the lumen (inner wall of the appendix) gets obstructed, inflammation of the appendix occurs. This obstruction may occur due to some bacterial infection, cancer, or faecal matter. As a result, the appendix gets filled with puss cells that swell and create pressure within the inner wall of the appendix. This pressure may cause blood clot within the blood vessels and make the lymphatic vessels which carry lymph to the heart becomes inactive (â€Å"Appendicitis,† 2014). The symptoms of appendicitis may be misleading because other diseases like urinary infection, gall bladder infection, intestinal infection, gastritis and gynaecological problems may also result in extremely similar signs and symptoms of appendicitis (Marks, 2014). Careful and timely diagnosis is very important. Thorough investigation of patient history and physical examination may sort out the problem. The doctor may physically examine the patient by applying gentle pressure on the painful region of the abdomen which will worsen the pain as a sign of infection in the peritoneum (tissue that builds the inner wall of the abdomen and supports most of the organs in the abdomen) (â€Å"Diseases and Conditions – Appendicitis,† 2014). Blood test may be taken to examine the level of White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) in the blood. Whenever there is an infection in any part of the human body, the WBC in the blood multiplies

Motivation and Behavior Essay Example for Free

Motivation and Behavior Essay Motivation refers to the process that drives an organism to behave the way it does. Simply put motivation causes an organism to eat, sleep, and drink and individuals to participate in the activities they find satisfying. Motivation can separate people into two categories optimist and pessimist. Optimists are those looking for the good in situations and pessimists finding the bad. Motivational sources can be described as extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic is the motivation that comes from outside of the individual. Intrinsic is the motivation of an individual that comes from within. Motivation affects an organism’s behavior. Dr. Whitbourne describes six theories in here article from psychology today; instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, cognitive and self-determination. Motivation As defined by psychology.about.com, motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is the psychological process that tells humans what to do. A motivation causes humans and other species to drink, eat, play, sleep and reproduce. Without motivation there would be no reason for accomplishing anything. Within the motivation process there are different factors with each individual. Motivation can come in the form of positive motivation and negative motivation. These motivating factors eventually lead to an emotional state within the individual. Generally motivation creates to type of individuals that society recognizes and relates with; optimist and pessimist. Optimistic is disposed to take a favorable view of events or conditions and to expect the most favorable outcome, (â€Å"Optimistic,†2012). These are the individuals who tend to have a positive outlook on life. In most cases these individuals are look for the good in every situation. From dictionary.com, pessimistic is pertaining to or characterized as the tendency to expect the worst and see the worst in all things. Pessimists are those individuals who see the worst in everything . Sources of Motivation Extrinsic/Intrinsic Extrinsic is defined by dictionary.com as, not essential or inherent; being outside a thing; outward or external; operating or coming from without, (Extrinsic, 2012). Extrinsic motivation is simply that, things that motivate from the external. When looking at individuals who have extrinsic motivation, they tend to not enjoy certain activities, (Huitt, 2011). They tend to be a reward based group and need affirmation from an outside source. Throughout society many people can be found to fit this category of motivation. As shown a person who only writes poems to be submitted to poetry contests as well as a person who does not like sales but accepts a sales position for the amount of money he/she will make, (Psychology, n.d.). Intrinsic is defined by dictionary.com as, belonging to a thing by its very nature; of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent, (Intrinsic, 2012). If extrinsic is from the external, the intrinsic is from within the individual. These individuals to things because it please them and they find the activity enjoyable, (Psychology, n.d.). These people are not concerned as much with what the outside world or society thinks. They are motivated from within. An example shows, playing chess because the individual enjoys effortful thinking, and a person reading a non-fiction book because they are curious about the topic, (Psychology, n.d.). Motivation and Behavior From an article written by Susan Drauss Whitbourne, Ph.D. motivation as the cause of behavior is examined. In her article Dr. Whitbourne discuss insights to explain the complexity of behavior. The instinct theory as Dr. Whitbourne refers to it as the biological set instincts that organisms have, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011). These factors are what tell organisms to do in order to survive, such as the lion hunting the antelope or a flock of geese migrating south for the winter. The second she describes is the drive reduction theory, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011). This theory talks about organisms and how they will try to just ensure that their needs are met and not look for anything else, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011). The article goes on to discuss how critics argue that if this theory were true no one would do thinks that were considered risky, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011). Third Dr. Whitbourne discusses the arousal theory, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011). Arousal theory is the opposite of drive reduction, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011). Arousal theory is the motivation which drives individuals to increase their stimulation and seek out things that are exciting and outside just what the individual needs, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011). Dr. Whitbourne goes on to discuss 3 more theories such as the incentive theory, cognitive theory, and the self-determination theory, (â€Å"Motivation: the whys of behavior,† 2011).. Summary Motivation is the process that drives individuals to behave the way they do. Individuals are categorized into two, optimist and pessimist. There are multiple sources of motivations that can be describe as either extrinsic or intrinsic. Whatever the source, individuals are either motivated from within or the world around them. In an article written by Dr. Whitbourne, six theories are described which examine the â€Å"why of behavior.† References Extrinsic. (2012). In Dictionary.com Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/intrinsic Huitt, W. (2011). Motivation to learn: An overview.Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/motivation/motivate.html Intrinsic. (2012). In Dictionary.com. Retrived from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/intrinsic Motivation: the whys of behavior. (2011, October). Fullfillment at Any Age, (), Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/motivation-the-why-s-behavior Optimistic. (2012). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/optimistic Psychology and society. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psychologyandsociety.com/motivation.html

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibilities

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibilities Corporate Social Responsibilities as the culture of Foreign Investor There are many reasons that attribute and would attribute to the failure, some being corporate social responsibility concept being new in Tanzania whereby majority of corporate or organisational employees, management included and civilians have not thoroughly understood the gist of the concept. Only corporate or companies that mostly implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) are foreign-oriented who bought shares in the companies through privatisation of the public sector and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which support each other in facilitating sale, acquisition, take overs and monopoly of business depending on techniques and tactics applied or that would be executed to accomplish investors or shareholders, board of directors, management of an organisation, mission, objectives and goals. Organisational operating philosophy and work culture could either substantiate sustainably or fail completely. Relationship marketing which is a process of creating, maintaining , and enhancing strong, value -laden relationship with customers and other stakeholders. So far, transaction marketing is part of the larger idea of relationship marketing. Beyond creating short-term transactions, marketers need to build long -term relationship with valued customer, distributors, dealers, and suppliers. They build strong economic and social ties by promising and consistently delivering high -quality products, good service, and fair prices. Increasingly, marketing is shifting from trying to maximize the profit on each individual transaction to building mutually beneficial relationships with consumers and other parties. Marketing Network Infact, ultimately, a company wants to build a unique company asset called marketing network. A marketing network consists of the company and all its supporting stakeholders, such as customer, employees, supplier, distributors, retailers, advertising agencies, mass media and others with whom it has build mutually profitable business relationship. Increasingly, competition is not between companies but rather between whole networks, with the prize going to the company that has build the better network. The operating principle is simple. Build a good network of relationship with key stakeholders, and profit will follow. Further, competitors reactions flow a set of reaction policy or a flesh analysis of each situation.  [1]  Marketing occurs when people decide to satisfy needs and wants that customer can obtain a desired object. Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return. Thus, exchange allows a society to produce much more that it would with any other system.  [2]   Not all transactions involve physical direct money. In the broadest sense, the marketing tries to bring about a response to some offer. The response may be more than simply buying or trading goods and service. Marketing consists of actions taken to obtain a desired response from a target audience to some product, service, idea, or other object. Nevertheless, customer satisfactions depend on a products perceived, performance in delivering value relative to buyers expectations. If the products performance falls short of customers expectations, the buyer is dissatisfied and risk of losing him or her money also arise, threatening business investment potentiality and well being. If performance wins expectations, the buyer is satisfied. If performance exceeds expectations, the buyer is delighted. This is why corporate social responsibility going together with Marketing and the Events and Promotion activities in many organisation. Their duties are kind of the same mainly to build the brand awareness and build reputation in a given situation. Outstanding marketing companies go out of their way to keep their customer satisfied. Satisfied customers buy again, and they tell others about their good experiences with the product. The key is to match customer expectations with company performance. Smart companies aim to delight customers by promising only what they can deliver.  [3]   Marketing and Industrial Activities Marketing as a link between societys needs and its industrial activities, is also a function that adjusts the organisations offering to the ever- changing needs of the market place. It is an external sensor of the organisation that provides its adaptations and growth. Problems, such as high and persistent worldwide inflation, material and energy shortages, economic stagnation, consumerism, environmentalism, increased government regulation, changing consumer life styles, and under marked public sector needs. Marketers have to find solutions to these problems that reconcile corporate profitability, customer satisfaction, and social responsibility. Besides, problems are also opportunities. Still marketing plans, shape and interact with other corporate or organisation plans. However, societal marketing concept is among four alternative concepts under which business and other organisations can conduct their marketing concept, it is a management orientation aimed at generating customer satisfaction and long -run consumer and public welfare as the key to satisfying organisational goals and responsibilities. The underlying premises of societal marketing The main mission of the organisation is to create satisfied and healthy customers and to contribute to the quality of life. The organisation constantly searches for better products and services defined in terms of appeal and benefit to consumers. It is ready to promote benefits that are in consumers interest even if not in his or her mind. The organisation eschews those products that are not in the best interest of the customer. Consumers will sense and patronise those organisations that demonstrate concern for their satisfaction and welfare. Other alternative concepts under which business and other entities operate their marketing undertakings are product concept, selling concept and marketing concept which of late has been revised into or replaced by the human concept, the intelligent consumption concept and the ecological imperative concept.  [4]   Nonetheless, making a distinction between passive and active strategies is essential. Passive investment strategy regards market prices of products and services as fairly set, rather than attempting to beat the market by exploiting superior information or insight. In contrast, and active investment strategy attempts to achieve returns greater than those commensurate with the risk borne. The sustainability of relationship marketing through social responsibility could mainly depend on resource components strategically considered worth strategic action implementation to achieve and enhance competitive win-win advantage, vision, mission, objectives and goals in whatever culture of investment operations, strategy development and market place. The issue in question in not the merit of the agenda itself, but rather how and to what extent it relates to the development affairs in general. The impression that it only takes quantifiable objective to ensure sustainable development is a common as it is over blown and the idea that tripartite comprising government, business, community and general society or public, focus on long-term beneficial objectives to all parties despite profit difference that will accrue as net safely is justifiable. However, corporate social responsibility has been operative some decades ago in developed countries, likes one of the United States of America. In the case of Tanzania the concept is not much known by various native societies and general public. To mostly, Tanzanian, it is understood as a helping facility to the needy to easy certain difficulties facing some people at a particular area. In most cases, the CSR is extended by corporate mostly banks, mining sectors ,cellular (mobile) telephone service providers, breweries and soft drinks processors. Almost all the latter three industrials sector sponsor games and beauty pageantry. The sponsorship is almost publicity winning and advertisement. The corporate role and responsibilities to society are provided to the needy especially in the rural areas after much lobbying and sometimes, to secure the services unless a god father or good mother politician or senior government officer has been involved in the lobbing for various reasons, mostl y political to ensure his or her political ambitions in high government office or constituency are sustained and safe without such support the ambitious politician risk losing influence and political power and other hidden interest the person or group could have and whose easy channel to process successful would be through political channels. Corporation sake to win Political favours In other instances, the corporate themselves for the sake of winning political favours for their business undertaking they prefer to help disaster stricken areas such as flood and hunger hits constituencies and where school mostly primary school teaching and learning aids are insufficient, therefore, just to easen the problem would facilitate either some desks or text books depending on the learning institutes need sought for. Most of the societies that benefit even during tragic times are those whose native members have high office in government and political ruling party, else it cumbersome to secure it for various reasons, some of which could be corporate internal weakness to communicate policies to all levels of its employer from top management to the bottom, and from bottom to the top(top-bottom-bottom-up communication) else traits of nepotism and corruption could be existing within corporate lines of operations and functionalities. Such weaknesses are attributable to board of d irectors and senior management. Business ethics have to be considered and given due weight in all cases; however, difficult it could be in certain instances. Besides, ethics conflicts can arise when what might be best for company is wrong morally or professionally.  [5]   No law Binding CSR in Tanzania Another attribution to the ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility in Tanzania, is the country having no law -binding or guiding on corporate social responsibility, however a bill has been prepared by the government of Tanzania for enacting a law on the matter. The Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania enacts the law while the President of the Republic either assents or not. If not assented, it doesnt become a law. Once assented it will be part of business law that governs the conducts of people and organisation engaged in business. So far, apart from what have been explained above, there are other many ways on how business and society interact. The majority of them are through direct sales and purchase of goods and services. On business law, major areas include antitrust, business organisation, bankruptcy, contracts, uniform commercial code, consumer protection, product liability, intellectual property, securities regulation, taxation, employment, real estate and insurance.  [6]   Social Investment Programmes by various Industries Corporate organisations are trying to support the society the do business with in different ways. Below are some of the organisations discussed in the case of Tanzania. In case of Stanbic Bank Tanzania, what they consider as a support to the community is only 1% of their post tax profit of the year. The rate of post -tax profit allocated to corporate social investment is fixed by the management. But what is this support for, they only building a class, supply of books, help in eradication of Malaria, and support orphanages.  [7]  The resources provide does not satisfy they need of the of the community as its only for the wishes of the bank and its only for a short time period and not long -term development of the community. The aim of the Stanbic Bank on other perspective is to gain brand awareness or brand equity building in the community. I can say this as regards to the profit gain by the bank while knowing that the money is coming from the Tanzanians who are doing transaction on daily basis. Also, I have not seen a bank going back to the society and keep supporting them after the first attempt. They normally go only once and later they go to another area without bother the previous development of the society. When these Corporate Bank doing social responsibilities support to the community, they call the media for them to be published on the newspapers and on the televisions station intentionally for publicity. I see directly their strategy is to marketing the company more than support the development of the community. However, other bank likes CRDB Bank Limited they introduce School Bus project for Primary School in the Dar es Salaam City. The project was launched by Mr. Mizengo Pinda- the Prime Minister of Republic of Tanzania, starting with five buses only. The project will be running by (UDA) Shirika la Usafiri Dar es Salaam for the students who are in need of transport to and from the school in the city.  [8]   This is fine I can see, but the issue is that, the bus need to have services and other maintenances now and then. Does the CRDB Bank aware of this concern for the future? Do they have a plan of 3-5 years maintenance expenses for the school buses? If yes, does the CRDB bank plan to increase the services to other areas as for now is only few routines considered. There is need of 50 buses to and from school for the student to cover the chaos they face on their daily transport said by the UDA General Manager, Mr Victor Milanzi at the launching ceremony held at Karimjee grounds in the city last year.The answer to the questions is not clear as most of the community project are their for the purpose of advertising the specific organisation and not having permanent programs for supporting the society as a whole. Authority should ensure sustainability of the project, effective and efficient management, and ways to increase the number of buses to carter for more students as each year enrolment has been increasing. Authority should bear in mind that, the most important factor for the student is to have a calm psychological state of mind for them to concentrate in their studies. The assurance of the transport to the student will reduce absenteeism, unwanted pregnancy for the girls hence better generation in the near future. As now we were having two types of generation, there are student who are coming from wealth family and be able to use school bus from their school famous knows as Academic School and those come from poor family who really face this chaos of transport to and from Government School. If this is not supported well, after 10year we will find the generation of Academic people having sophisticated life whiles those of Government struggling to survive in the society. Professionalism will become an issue as in Tanzania majority of the people are living under one dollar per day which does not support their daily life. This will even disturb the investment as their will be few human resource to be employed in a certain career. Cellular (mobile) telephone service providers are now engaged in community development and sponsorships. In Tanzania we have more than five company operators in this industry, to mention we have Airtel Tanzania, Vodacom Tanzania, Tigo, Zantel, Benson, Sasatel and TTCL (Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited). Here I can talk of Vodacom Tanzanias the leading cellular network where they sponsor Tanzania Premium League Soccer. But still the players complain on the quality of the items provided to them by other sponsors. One of the team leader was comparing jerseys from Vodacom Tanzania and other sporsors in the forum at Channel 5 Television Station recently.  [9]  He gives bigup to Vodacom Tanzania for the standard of their jerseys. Vodacom Tanzania has been supplying team participating in the league with playing shoes, balls and jerseys labelled with their brand name for the publicity. Though Vodacom Tanzania jerseys are not of high quality but he mention at least are best than others. Vodacom Tanzania also engaged in beauty sector by sponsoring Miss Tanzania Beauty Pageant in each year.  [10]  Vodacom Tanzania sponsoring help contestants to get the opportunity to be known and make easy for them to get employment in different area like business promotion, public relations, customer care officer and advertising business. Again, this is excellent for the young generation once they get the opportunity to represent our nation in other country during the final competition worldwide and gain exposure. The question is after the first year of contract with Vodacom Tanzania been finished, Vodacom contract is not going to be renewed. As most of them are not famous any more and its not known what they up to. This means that, Vodacom Tanzania does not intension support the carrier development of the beauty but only to keep the community aware that they do sponsorship and build their good name. We have seen that Vodacom Tanzania support education sector especially in the poorest community in our country. I was asking if that support is measurable as they only build one to three classes in one area. Then that is called sponsorship and calling media to take new for the public to know their effort. This is laying peoples mind as it does not fulfil the needs of specific demand. Airtel also engaging in local community in which they operate, education is one of the organisation key pillars of the Airtel brand. Moreover, Airtel strive to reach and uplift the underprivileged in the community in which they operate through education. By consulting the Ministry of Education, Airtel provides uniforms, text books, furniture, teaching and learning aids focus in primary school.  [11]  Doing marketing is so expensive, it also take time to get people attention on advert whether in the radio, television station or in the newspaper. So the easiest way is to support the community they do business with and then customer will pay attention on what as been offered by the company meanwhile the company advertise it products or service they provide. That why in every activity that Airtel participate they put their brand name on it. Fun enough they even paint walls with their brand name to create awareness. So whatever they offer/ support it has to be with their log for publi city. The case of Morogoro floods disaster of 2010, 2000 homes in Kilosa were engulfed by the rising water and more than half were destroyed completely.  [12]  Camps have been established across the region to secure safe ground for the displaced families. Damage of infrastructure has been immense, roads and bridge have been swept away, and parts of the railway line left impassable slow down the region transportation system. Still that community are suffering because the support was on short bases and not for the future life of that society. But we have seen corporate organisation support has been sent in the areas for their daily life and now no one was responsible to know the future of the affected area for 3-5 years to come. Thats why people are still suffering because the get bread and water for their hunger and not able to start their life again and remain beggars from the society. I have seen Airtel previous knows as Zain Tanzania support the victims of hunger as flood have swept acres of crops in the region. The biggest problem is shelter where corporate organisation should join hand to support those families affected by the floods. Mining Sector also support community development and do sponsorship in Tanzania society. Tanzania has been rich in mining sector in various region. We are having gold mining in Bulyanhulu, North Mara, Tulawaka, Buzwagi Goldmine, Golden Price, Behemba Godmine, Geita Goldmine( the largest gold mine in the country) and others. Diamond mining in Mwadui/ Williamson/ Peter-Diamond and El Hillal Diamond. By 2008, Tanzania had become Africas third -largest exporter of gold; accounting for as much as 44% of the countrys of exports.  [13]  . An export drop to 50 tonnes in 2009 now places Tanzania at the fourth position after South Africa, Ghana and Mali. Mining sector provide 3% royalty base on the net instead of gross revenue of mining companies. This means that the government only receive revenue from royalties after subtracting cost on transportation and processing instead of subtracting from the amount that the minerals are sold for in the market. Considering the mining sector development in the country and the way they use to do corporate social responsibilities in the society is very awkward. They get millions of money from the gold sector from our land and left us with empty hand and holes in our mother land. The case of Barrick Gold Corporation engaged on their alleged poor treatment of local employees. Moreover, in 2009 at the companys North Mara gold mine heavy metals and toxic chemicals were reportedly leaked into the river Thigite. The incident has since become a bone of contention and source of conflict between locals and the mining business. The previous two paragraphs show how much the mining sector does not consider the society they do operation with. Mining sector are excluded from corporate tax when they operating for some year, some its about 50years. So they do what is called corporate social responsibility as covering to make the society calm. But still the support does not satisfy the utility of the community comparing to the profit they earned from the business. Kilimanjaro Premium Lager do sponsor Yanga and Simba , the nations biggest and best known football clubs that have been historic arch-rivals in Tanzania. Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) they value sports as they lifted the spirits of every true fan of football in the country. The company believe that by doing the sponsorship of these two teams will primarily be an experience about gaining a share of heart in the society. TBl hopes by doing corporate social responsibility help to build and sustaining the two teams by provide kits for teams, match gear, casual and training. On top of this, if you look on other perspective TBL uses their resource to support the two teams to build the brand loyalty. TBL Marketing Director and the Events and Promotion Manager are the one who dealing with social responsibility but deep you can figure out its only marketing and brand awareness. If you compare the figure in the income statement and the expenses they incur on supporting the teams are of so minimal.  [14]  Kilimanjaro Premium Lager also sponsors Tanzania Music Award in each year where by the participant and the winner receive award for TBL. The event was Live in the TBC1 where individual from different part of the world can watch it, and there is when TBL get p ublicity. CSR support to Society is only a Publicity of the Business itself As mostly corporate social responsibility support to society through contributions has political affiliations, it does not mean producing solution to the needy society, such organisation could be focusing only on marketing myopia, sticking to existing wishes, desires and wants of the politicians in power while losing sights and meaning of the corporate social responsibility to the genuine needy people without enabling resources to overcome their ordeals or problems. Business scandals are to be avoided for the betterment and interest of corporate governance that refers both to the policies by which a company operate and the system of controls and oversight that enables the company to operate according to those corporate policies.  [15]   Operating according to corporate policies and total quality management (TQM) will also enable companies sustain substantially organisational success through effective planning and plan implementation to ensure product, service and brand are proactively incorporated with societal long-term interactions. Yet, any organisational plan has no values unless it is put into action, and production and service methods must be continuously improved. Single or occasional standard performance review and revision are to be discouraged and stay unacceptable organisation wise, so that also through corporate social responsibility, company business grows sustainably in good and bad times. The CSR can also help organisations get extraordinary results from ordinary people, depending on how parts of business could be accessed to various societies and societal culture, else corporate social responsibility in Tanzania wont succeed in sustaining substantial relationship marketing. Building a strong company brand identity in the public and societal marketing places to enforce and reinforce all corporate images and messages are essential to be constantly in place. Conclusion Its clear that corporate social responsibility is new to our culture. We learnt this from foreign investor who brought shares in our local companies. These investors once they invest in a certain activities they are excluded from corporate tax for 5year. Smart investor terminates the contract after five years and said they did not earn profit for the past year on their operations. While they are on operation they try to build their public relations, through direct contribution to society. That why you can find a certain organisation changes its business name after 4-5 year. There is no law guiding Corporate Social Responsibility currently. Government need to pass a law where by the President of Republic of Tanzania has to assent for the law to be practise by the corporate organisation. By having a law organisation will stop doing social responsibility as a marketing strategy to build the brand loyalty. Hence corporate organisation will extends the benefit of CSR and compensation to social, economic and environmental losses suffered by communities living within operation areas will be diminished. Orphan project, water supply and sanitation will not be a issue for the people around the organisation and even the one far from the company.

Symbolism of Trains in Novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy

Symbolism of Trains in Novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy   Anna Karenina, written by Leo Tolstoy, follows the accounts of Anna who begins an affair with another man, as a result of their affair falls from moral decency and eventually commits suicide by throwing herself in front of train. Tolstoy was a firm believer in punishing his female characters for falling into passions of disgracing romance and sexual desires. The theme of trains and railroads is found throughout the novel and it is very apparent that Leo Tolstoy had a distinct dislike of the railroads. Tolstoy was not a fan of the new advancement of trains in Russia and even went as far to say, The railroad is to travel as a whore is to love (Jahn 1). Anna Karenina is full of important scenes on trains and in train stations, but they also serve as a means of progressing the story line. Tolstoy felt that trains were destroying the old Russian way of life in favor of a new industrial and capitalistic Russia, while moving away from traditions and simplicity. Anna Karenina is a victim of her love affair, committing suicide by throwing herself under a train, while the theme of trains and railroads pierces the entire story. Tolstoy incorporates the symbols of railroads and trains as motifs of tragedy brought by the advancing progress of Western technology in Russian society, the destructive nature of trains, and how characters such as Levin serve as a reminder of how trains are destroying closeness to nature and old true values. The imagery of trains reappears through the entire plot, playing a significant role in the novels course of events as well as having a great impact on the atmosphere of the novel. Annas life of restlessness and travel is tied to trains, all the main meetings happening in trains or at train stations. Her little son Seryozha also takes a keen interest with trains and is seen, carrying something which served as a train (8). By having the children in the novel taking an interest in trains, it is showing how the railways and trains have already become popular even with the next generation of Russians, as well as foreshadowing how the railways will become the future means of transportation in the country. Tolstoy also makes an important addition by Annas brother Stepan mentioning to Alexei how he, would very much like to get [the] vacant post as a member of the commission [of] the United Agency for Mutual Credit Balance of the Southern Railway Lines (Tolstoy 721). Tolstoy includes this det ail due to the fact that working in the railways was a very coveted and desirable in Russia since railroads were so popular and in such high demand. For Tolstoy, trains are creations of both iron and technology which represent a brute force of sin, darkness and passions that break the human spirit and lead individuals to fall from moral decency. Anna and Vronskys romance begins and ends at the train station, the arrival of the train kills the watchman at the station and sets Annas first interaction with Vronsky is overlaid with death and foreshadows Annas eventual demise. After the, watchman, [who was] either too drunk or too bundled up had not heard the train and had been run over by the train Anna feels that this was a bad omen and is the first sign of the inevitable and tragic destiny of Anna Karenina (29). This scene is very important due to the imagery of the train itself as it pulls into the station. The train has a foreboding and dark presence when pulling into the station, as those could feel, something heavy causing the platform to tremble slowing down and shaking the platform still more and once it pulled in those could see, the coupling rod of the middle wheel slowly and rhythmically turning and straightening the vivid description of the train in this scene gives it an evil and unnatural aura it as it pulls into the station (60).   Tolstoys incorporation of describing the imagery of the train as an almost evil and foreboding presence sets the tone for the eventual death and demise of Anna, her path to her own death left the station as soon as she began her affair with Vronsky. Anna and Vronskys fateful affair began and ended at the train station. For instance when Vronsky sees Anna off to St. Petersburg on the train, he admits his love for Anna at the station, confessing to her how, Not one of your words, not one of your movements will I ever forget I cannot. The very spark of their relationship is tied to this scene as Anna [clutched] at the cold door post and entered the [entrance] of the [train] carriage at the moment she felt the, magical, strained condition that had tormented her had not only renewed itself, but grew stronger (103). This scene at the train station is one of the most crucial aspects of the novel as this almost magical explanation of Anna falling for Vronsky is symbolic of Anna succumbing to the dark passion of adultery and the beginning of her fall from decency and morality.   In the end of the novel just seconds before Anna dies under the wheels of the train, something huge and implacable pushed at her head and dragged her ov er it is almost as if she was crushed by the force of her own sins (768). Their fateful relationship can be compared to that of a train leaving the station, it begins slowly, but once it gains momentum it quickly escalates to a speed that is out of both Anna and Vronskys control. Tolstoy, is able to express his dissatisfaction with railroads and trains through the characters and words of Oblonsky and Levin, as a way to demonstrate how Russia is slowly moving away from tradition and old values and moving more towards an industrial and capitalistic society. Levin is seen many times throughout the novel showing a distaste for the railroads and blames criticizes them for the disastrous condition of agriculture in Russia which was disrupting the traditional the use of agriculture throughout Russia (483). Levin also criticizes the railroads when he was, writing a new chapter on the reasons for the unprofitable state of agriculture in Russia due to the incorrect use incorrect use of land through the railways and instead of contributing to agriculture the railways had outstripped agriculture and halted it (483-484). Tolstoy blamed Europe in spoiling Russia with a strive for modern technology and disrupting the normal way of life. Tolstoy also uses characters such as Lafitte as an example of how greed and   other dishonest merchants without whom there would have been no railways, he feels that trains and merchants are destroying the old Russian way of life in favor of a new industrial and capitalistic Russia (506). Tolstoy describes those who work in the railroads as those with little to no morals and are extremely greedy, furthering his dislike of the railroads. The analysis of train and motifs in Anna Karenina requires mentioning the opposite symbols of wood and nature. Tolstoy uses the power of nature as an opposite to images of the new coming era of progress, the warmth of wood opposes the coldness of iron. The generosity of poor peasants who share their bread and vodka with Veslosvky and how [they] absolutely refused to take money which contrasts the greediness of the merchants (568), peasants use wooden carts instead of iron trains which shows their closeness to nature and simplicity. Tolstoy believed that living in big cities corrupts the soul, and that is why Kitty and Levin are such an exemplary couple of this when they finally move into a country estate and are near the peasants, because they embody the ideal of a good family and thus must be close to the ground. Tolstoy describes in the novel the peasants methods of agriculture and the burden of their labour unites them. Tolstoy praises hard work and values the work of a peasant o r a learned profession much more than the activities of capitalists (588). They are bound to earth and oppose progress with railways and trains, that tear the ties with the land and cross it painlessly, the peasants represent closeness to nature and fidelity to traditions. The well-known novel of Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina raises numerous moral questions and vividly represents authors opinions concerning, moral purity, decency and traditions. The images and themes of trains and railways are ones of the most significance in the entire novel, they start the story of Anna Karenina and finish it. However, the trains are what begins the ill-fated affair of both Anna and Vrosnky and cause Annas fall from moral decency and grace.   Through the character of Levin, Tolstoy is able to convey his beliefs that the railway are to blame for the disruption and ruin of Russian agriculture. Throughout the novel trains are seen as foreboding and unnatural and are seen as unstoppable in converting the country to a new means of transportation. Railways and trains are the symbols of progress, which according to Tolstoy is evil, he opposes the artificial coldness of iron to warmth of nature. Tolstoy believes that decency and goodness appear only in following traditio ns, hard labour, upholding moral decency proximity to ground and nature. Works Cited Jahn, Gary R. The Image of the Railroad in Anna Karenina. The Slavic and East European Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, 1981, pp. 1-10., www.jstor.org/stable/307952. Tolstoy, Leo, and Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. Anna Karenina. NY: Penguin, 2004. Print.

Comparing Heroes and Villains in Measure for Measure, Othello, and Haml

Comparing Heroes and Villains in Measure for Measure, Othello, and Hamlet According to John Steinbeck, "Heroes are innocent; villains are cunning." This statement likely regards the internal aspects of characters, such as intellect, reasoning/motivation, and morality/responsibility, as indicated by consistency in action and/or articulation, as in direct speech or soliloquy. An examination of the heroes and villains in Measure for Measure, Othello, and Hamlet can determine whether Steinbeck's generalization is applicable. Although Measure for Measure is not a tragedy by standard conventions, Angelo can be considered a tragic hero since he falls because of his hamartia, hubris. While he fits into Steinbeck's generalization of "innocent" as a victim of the circumstances created by the Duke, Angelo is responsible for his own fate. When asked "Whether you had not sometime in your life/Err'd in this point which now you censure [Claudio]," (14-15, II.i) Angelo affirms he has never felt love or passion, nor had sex. Thus, being a man of virtue, Angelo believes he has the right to impose morality upon the city: he unquestioningly enforces the law forbidding fornication. Since he is righteous, Angelo's motivation is not wrong or immoral; however, once he begins to manipulate sexual morality in his favor, his innocence decreases. Angelo offers to spare Claudio's life should Isabella engage in sexual relations with him; he claims to be tempted by Isabella's virtue, and does not recognize his own hypocrisy in pro posing there is charity in sinning to save Claudio. The reduction of Angelo's virtue and righteousness continues as he sends Claudio's death warrant after he has had sex with Mariana, who he believed to be Isabella. In additio... ...le to comedies, when considering A Midsummer's Night Dream, As You Like It, and Measure for Measure, in which the heroes are mostly virtuous ("innocent"), and the villains are devious ("cunning"); however, since the Duke and Iago are both cunning villains, Steinbeck's notion of villains is also appropriate for tragedy. More importantly, though, as previously noted, these â€Å"heroes† are directly responsible for their fall, and therefore challenge readers to consider the roles of heroes and villains in tragedy less traditionally; Othello is not cunning, nor is he innocent, and so Steinbeck's parameters exclude him. Thus, a more encompassing generalization would be that tragic heroes are responsible, and "villains are cunning" (Steinbeck). Works Cited Shakespeare, William. William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. 1969. Baltimore: Penguin, 1994.

Solving Problem Creatively Over The Net :: essays research papers

Solving Problem Creatively Over the Net Since I got my internet privileges last 3 month, I had learn and encounter many weird and wonderful things. I have met the ugly side of internet and learnt something called "if you overspend your time limit, the phone bill gonna be very ugly."Perhaps the most interesting moment I encounter in the internet is when I discover homepage making. I made a homepage from learning HTML language from a web site. I want my homepage to be bold and simple but most of all animation- free. As a surfer myself, I know how it feels when entering a homepage that is full with high resolution graphic and animation. The animation had to be reload and reload again. Within 2 hours I managed to made myself a homepage.I also know to make an impressive homepage,one must have a high counter number so that people will revisit the homepage again. I can't use any "sensual" word to attract people cause it's against Geocities's rule. So I did a very nasty thing. I cheated, I put an extra counter number in my homepage beside my origi nal counter number so each time when it reload it will look like this---->0101.While the only people who visited my homepage was myself, but instead the counter number show 101. MIRC The Solution When my PC suffered a data crash, I lost all my data. I lost all my e-mail address and most importantly my browser.The computer technician managed to repair my PC but he gave me an old version of Netscape.I have trouble using it in Win'95.So I downloaded the later version of Netscape.The downloading seize when it reaches 52%. I had to reload if I were to use Netscape.Instead I used MIRC to download the program because MIRC come with this neat feature that allow me to resume downloading where I left out. As a result, I get to continue my downloading at 17564 byte from a friend. I'm The Biggest Leech The rule of warez is-to download you must upload. The warez people even wrote a scipt to ban people who didn't upload when they download. To upload any program of mine to anyone will take forever, all the file I have is at least 6